Bosnia-Herzegovina’s power-sharing system strains under separatist pressure
The Dayton settlement still structures political life, while EU membership talks await reforms to the rule of law and state institutions.
Bosnia-Herzegovina’s postwar political framework is meant to balance the interests of Bosniaks, Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats. Established under the 1995 Dayton Peace Accords, it divides responsibilities between a central government, Brčko District and two semi-autonomous entities.
That balance shapes the country’s institutions, including a three-member rotating presidency and a parliament whose upper house reflects the constituent groups. Deutsche Welle reports that the arrangement can leave ethnic interests dominant in decision-making and contribute to political gridlock.
The framework is also under pressure from competing demands for autonomy. Deutsche Welle says Republika Srpska leader Milorad Dodik has pursued scenarios for separating the entity from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Croat political representatives, while not seeking separation, have pressed for greater autonomy, including a proposal for a third entity.
The Office of the High Representative oversees civilian implementation of the Dayton agreement and has broad powers. Its role remains contested: supporters see it as a guarantor of unity and functionality, while critics argue its authority weakens democratic accountability.
EU integration is presented as a possible route out of political and economic paralysis. Bosnia-Herzegovina applied for membership in 2016, and the European Council approved the opening of negotiations in early 2024. The talks’ actual start depends on reforms, including in the rule of law, anti-corruption efforts, prosecution of organised crime and state institutions.
