Iranian activists bypass national internet blackout via clandestine Starlink smuggling ring

A covert network, reportedly funded by Iranians living abroad, is actively smuggling Starlink satellite internet terminals into Iran to circumvent a government-imposed national blackout. This operation aims to provide citizens with access to uncensored information and facilitate the sharing of reports regarding the ongoing crisis. Despite Iranian authorities criminalising the possession and distribution of these devices, a resilient black market continues to function, defying strict penalties that include prison sentences of up to ten years for large-scale importation.

The current internet shutdown, which commenced in late February following airstrikes by the United States and Israel, marks one of the longest national internet closures recorded globally. While officials cite security concerns to justify the move, the blackout has severely impacted the economy and effectively silenced dissent. Government ministers have acknowledged the financial toll, estimating daily losses of at least 50 trillion rials, or approximately $35 million, due to the disruption.

Sahand, a source whose identity has been changed for safety, confirmed his involvement in a smuggling network that has been active since January. He stated that he has successfully transported approximately a dozen terminals into the country. The operation is described as highly complex, involving the purchase of hardware abroad and its physical transport across borders. Sahand emphasises that even if only one additional person gains access to the internet, the mission is considered a success.

To maintain anonymity while using the satellite technology, users are advised to combine Starlink devices with Virtual Private Networks, or VPNs. However, this dual-layer approach increases the cost, a significant concern given the current economic downturn in Iran. A public Persian-language Telegram channel known as NasNet has facilitated this trade, reportedly selling around 5,000 terminals over the last two and a half years.

The legal risks associated with possessing such technology remain severe. Legislation passed last year mandates up to two years in prison for simple possession, while distributing or importing more than ten devices can result in sentences of up to ten years. State-affiliated media has reported multiple arrests, including cases where individuals faced espionage charges alongside accusations of importing illegal equipment. Digital rights groups estimate that at least 100 people have been arrested for possessing Starlink terminals.

In response to the economic damage, the government has launched a limited "Internet Pro" scheme to grant connectivity to specific businesses. Nevertheless, the blackout continues to create an information vacuum, allowing the state to control the narrative while victims of the regime's crackdown are silenced. Activists argue that the ability to portray the real picture on the ground is crucial, describing the ongoing effort to intervene as a necessary fight against what they term communication injustice.